Optimized cantilever structure using textile-reinforced concrete for the climatic conditions of southern Russia

Purpose of research. The aim of this study is to analyze the structural capabilities and limitations of using textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) in roofing systems for sports facilities, with particular focus on a stadium roof cantilever structure designed for the climatic conditions of Sochi.

Methods. The study uses a computational model of a cantilever roofing structure made of TRC, with a cantilever length of 22.735 m and a total width of 84.4 m. Numerical methods with finite element modeling in ANSYS are employed. Loads, including snow and wind, are applied based on the regulatory standards for Sochi. Different scenarios of cover thickness and cantilever length variations are analyzed.

Results. The results show that TRC significantly enhances the stiffness of the structure, reducing vertical displacements of the cantilever by 30-35% compared to traditional reinforced cement. Furthermore, reducing the cover thickness to 200 mm maintains sufficient stiffness, leading to material savings. Extending the cantilever by 3-4 meters is feasible without exceeding the allowable deflection limits.

Conclusion. The study demonstrates that the use of TRC in roofing structures for sports facilities leads to significant improvements in stiffness and material efficiency, allowing for either increased spans or reduced cover thickness without compromising performance. This presents new opportunities for the design of lightweight and efficient structures in the southern regions of Russia.

1. Qu F., Yin S., Wang F., Wang B. Effects of textile-reinforced concrete on the cyclic shear behavior of damaged confined brick masonry walls. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023; 78:107717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107717.

2. Kalthoff M., et al. Fabrication of lightweight, carbon textile reinforced concrete components with internally nested lattice structure using 2-layer extrusion by LabMorTex. Constr Build Mater. 2023; 395: 132334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132334.

3. Jing L., Wang N., Yin S. Shear performance of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC)-strengthened brick masonry walls. Constr Build Mater. 2023: 397: 132401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132401.

4. Li Y., Yin S., Wang Q., Zhou B. Compressive behaviour of concrete columns confined with textile reinforced concrete composites. Journal of Building Engineering. 2024; 96: 110587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110587.

5. Sciegaj A., Almfeldt S., Larsson F., Lundgren K. Textile reinforced concrete members subjected to tension, bending, and in-plane loads: Experimental study and numerical analyses. Constr Build Mater. 2023; 408: 133762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133762.

6. Ye S., Lu C., She P., Li Z., Xie T., Leung C. K. Y. Numerical model of tensile behavior of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) based on stress field analysis. Constr Build Mater. 2023; 407:133568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133568.

7. Wang C., Yin S., Zhao Y., Li Y. Flexural behavior of composite beams with textile reinforced concrete (TRC) permanent formwork considering interface characteristics. Journal of Building Engineering. 2025; 99: 111602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111602.

8. Priyanga R. Muthadhi A. Bending analysis of textile reinforced concrete sandwich panels: Experimental and numerical evaluation. Constr Build Mater. 2024; 439: 137213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137213.

9. Douk N., Vu X. H., Si Larbi A., Audebert M., Chatelin R. Numerical study of thermomechanical behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with and without textile reinforced concrete (TRC) strengthening: Effects of TRC thickness and thermal loading rate. Eng Struct. 2021; 231: 111737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111737.

10. Esaker M., Thermou G. E., Neves L. Behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete panels under high-velocity impact loading. Constr Build Mater. 2024; 445: 137806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137806.

11. Immanuel S., Kaliyamoorthy B. Investigating the effect of textile layers on the flexural response of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) panels. Structures. 2025; 71: 108112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.108112.

12. Hutaibat M., Ghiassi B., Tizani W. Bond behaviour of prestressed basalt textile reinforced concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2024; 438: 137309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137309.

13. Betz P., Marx S., Curbach M. Biaxial compressive capacity of textile-reinforced concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2024; 20: e02986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e02986.

14. Kumar D., Ali S. F., Arockiarajan A., Theoretical and experimental studies on large deflection analysis of double corrugated cantilever structures. Int J Solids Struct. 2021; 228: 111126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111126.

15. Zhang X., Wang X., Liang X., Zhang Y., Wu Z. Study on the factors influencing bending spalling failure in BFRP textile-reinforced concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025; 99: 111468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111468.

16. Van Craenenbroeck M., Puystiens S., Laet L. De, Van Hemelrijck D., Van Paepegem W., Mollaert M., Integrated analysis of kinematic form active structures for architectural applications: Experimental verification. Eng Struct. 2016; 123: 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.05.032.

17. Xue R., Bie S., Guo L., Zhang P. Stability Analysis for Cofferdams of Pile Wall Frame Structures. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2019; 23(9): 4010–4021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-1320-7.

18. Huiyu X., Guangfu B., Da Z., Huaitao S. Vibration damping method of cantilever structure considering redundant constraint of monocrystalline blade casting mold shell. Measurement. 2024; 236: 115100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115100.

19. Ma S., Chen M., Skelton R. E. Design of a new tensegrity cantilever structure. Compos Struct. 2020; 243: 112188.: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112188.

20. Saturday L., et al., Thermal conductivity of nano- and micro-crystalline diamond films studied by photothermal excitation of cantilever structures. Diam Relat Mater. 2021; 113: 108279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108279.

21. Wang J., et al. High-sensitivity narrow-band T-shaped cantilever Fabry-perot acoustic sensor for photoacoustic spectroscopy. Photoacoustics. 2024; 38: 100626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100626.

22. Leclerc M., Léger P., Tinawi R. Computer aided stability analysis of gravity dams— CADAM. Advances in Engineering Software. 2003; 34(7): 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9978(03)00040-1.

23. Huang J.-Q., Dan M.-L., Chong X., Jiang Q., Feng Y.-L., Wang Y.-W. Out-of-plane shear performance of textile reinforced concrete sandwich panel: Numerical analysis and parametric study. Structures. 2025; 71: 108080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.108080.

24. Bai X., Chen M. Lightweight design of tensegrity Michell truss subject to cantilever loads. Compos Struct, 2025. P. 118925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118925.

25. Venigalla S. G., Nabilah A. B., Mohd Nasir N. A., Safiee N. A., Abd Aziz F. N. A. Experimental and numerical simulation of pull-out response in textile-reinforced concrete. Structures. 2023; 57: 105132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105132.

26. Lai Y., Wu Y., Wang G. Novel long-span cable-stayed deck arch bridge: Concept and structural characteristics. Eng Struct. 2024; 308: 118026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.118026.

27. Gernay T. Performance-based design for structures in fire: Advances, challenges, and perspectives. Fire Saf J. 2024; 142: 104036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104036.

28. Madhavi M. A., Madhavi T. C. Flexural behavior of warp knitted textile reinforced concrete impregnated with cementitious binder. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2024; 20: e02884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e02884.

29. Xu Q., Zhu A., Xu G., Shao Z., Zhang J., Zhang H. FEM-based real-time task planning for robotic construction simulation. Autom Constr. 2025; 170: 105935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105935.

30. Borisov N. O., Stolyarov O. H. Advantages of using textile-reinforced concrete in cantilever-type structures. Arkhitektura, stroitel'stvo, transport = Architecture, construction, transport. 2025; 5(1): 81-92. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31660/2782-232X-2025-1-81-92 EDN: QMXDMF