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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">izvestswsu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of the Southwest State University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-1560</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-6757</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЮЗГУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21869/2223-1560-2024-28-4-154-176</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">izvestswsu-1379</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Информатика, вычислительная техника и управление</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Computer science, computer engineering and IT managment</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Поиск и взвешивание треппин-cетов в квазициклических кодах методом поднятия и проекции мультиграфа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Search and weighting for trapping sets in quasi-cyclic codes by multigraph lift and projection method</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усатюк</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Usatjuk</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Василий Станиславович Усатюк, кандидат технических наук, главный инженер</p><p>департамент исследований и разработок</p><p>107076; ул. Краснобогатырская, д. 44, стр. 1; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vasily S. Usatjuk,  Cand. of Sci. (Engineering), Head Engineer</p><p>R &amp; D department</p><p>107076; 44, p. 1, Krasnobogatyrskaya str., Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">usatiuk@t8.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Ю. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Yu. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрий Олегович Кузнецов, кандидат физико-математических наук, ведущий инженер-разработчик</p><p>департамент исследований и разработок</p><p>107076; ул. Краснобогатырская, д. 44, стр. 1; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri O. Kuznetsov, Cand. of Sci. (Physico-Mathematical), Leading Engineer</p><p>107076; 44, p. 1, Krasnobogatyrskaya str., Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuznetsov.y@t8.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5859-1024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егоров</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Иванович Егоров, доктор технических наук, доцент, профессор</p><p>кафедра вычислительной техники</p><p>305040; ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94; Курск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Egorov, Dr. of Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p><p>305040; 50 Let Oktyabrya str. 94; Kursk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sie58@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Т8»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC "T8"</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Юго-Западный государственный университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southwest State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>154</fpage><lpage>176</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Усатюк В.С., Кузнецов Ю.О., Егоров С.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Усатюк В.С., Кузнецов Ю.О., Егоров С.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Usatjuk V.S., Kuznetsov Y.O., Egorov S.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestswsu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1379">https://izvestswsu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1379</self-uri><abstract><p>   Целью исследования является разработка нового быстродействующего метода поиска треппин-сетов и нового метода оценки вероятности ошибок, вызванных этими треппин-сетами, для квазициклических кодов с размером циркулянта, не являющимся простым числом.</p><sec><title>   Методы</title><p>   Методы. Предложенный метод поиска треппин-сетов использует алгебраические свойства квазициклических кодов на графах. Применение операций подъема и проекции графа переводит задачу поиска треппин-сетов в пространство большей размерности, где треппин-сеты более различимы. Предложенный метод оценки вероятности ошибок, основанный на выборке по значимости, в сравнении с предложенным ранее методом Коула, позволяет осуществить распараллеливание вычислений без необходимости дублирования таблиц. Такой подход кратно уменьшает объем требуемой памяти и позволяет осуществлять вычисления по разделенным индексам.</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. Предложенный метод поиска треппин-сетов удобен для аппаратной реализации, в частности на платах-ускорителях, использующих ПЛИС. Для его реализации достаточно менее половины чиплета SLR (super logic regions) ускорителя BittWare XUP-P3R (в конфигурации с 128 Гб DDR4 ОЗУ) или ускорителя AMD Alveo U200/VCU1525 (64 Гб DDR4 ОЗУ). Это в сочетание с уменьшенными требованиями к объему ОЗУ позволяет расположить на кристалле ПЛИС AMD Virtex UltraScale+ XCVU9P [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit51">51</xref>] 5 исполнительных блоков вместо 2x, необходимых для модифицированного метода Коула. При этом ускорение поиска для матрицы с размером циркулянта 128 составит 2.5 раза. Применение предложенного метода для оценки вероятности ошибок, вызванных треппин-сетами, обеспечивает ускорение в 5.3 раза в сравнении с методом Коула для квазициклического кода с размером циркулянта 2048. Предложенный метод позволяет оценивать помехоустойчивость кода во всем диапазоне отношения сигнал/шум.</p></sec><sec><title>   Заключение</title><p>   Заключение. Предложенный метод поиска треппин-сетов обладает высоким быстродействием и обеспечивает полноту поиска. Предложенный метод оценки вероятности ошибок, вызванных этими треппинсетами, также обладает высоким быстродействием.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   Purpose of research is to develop a new high-speed method for searching for trapping sets, and a new method for estimating the probability of errors caused by these trapping sets for quasi-cyclic codes with a circulant size that is not a prime number.</p><sec><title>   Methods</title><p>   Methods. The proposed method for searching for trapping sets uses the algebraic properties of quasi-cyclic codes on graphs. Using the graph lifting and projection operations, the problem of searching for trapping sets is transferred to a higher-dimensional space, where trapping sets are more distinguishable. The proposed method for estimating the probability of errors based on selection by importance, in comparison with the previously proposed Cole method, allows parallelization of calculations without the need to duplicate tables. This approach reduces the amount of required memory many times and allows calculations to be performed using separated indices.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. The proposed method of searching for trapping sets is convenient for hardware implementation, in particular, on accelerator boards using FPGAs. For its implementation, less than half of the SLR (super logic regions) chiplet of the BittWare XUP-P3R accelerator (in a configuration with 128 GB of DDR4 RAM) or the AMD Alveo U200/VCU1525 accelerator (64 GB of DDR4 RAM) is sufficient. This, combined with reduced requirements for RAM volume, allows placing 5 execution units on the AMD Virtex UltraScale+ XCVU9P FPGA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit51">51</xref>] crystal instead of 2x, required for the modified Cole method. At the same time, the search acceleration for a matrix with a circulant size of 128 will be 2.5 times. The application of the proposed method for estimating the probability of errors caused by trapping sets provides a 5.3-fold acceleration compared to the Cole method for a quasi-cyclic code with a circulant size of 2048. The proposed method allows one to estimate the noise immunity of the code over the entire range of the signal-to-noise ratio.</p></sec><sec><title>   Conclusion</title><p>   Conclusion. The proposed method of searching for trapping sets has high performance and ensures completeness of the search. The proposed method of estimating the probability of errors caused by these trapping sets also has high performance.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>квазициклические LDPC-коды</kwd><kwd>треппин-сеты</kwd><kwd>методы выборки по значимости</kwd><kwd>подъем мультиграфа</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>quasi-cyclic LDPC codes</kwd><kwd>trapping sets</kwd><kwd>importance sampling methods</kwd><kwd>multigraph lifting</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forney G. D. Codes on graphs: normal realizations // IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 2001. Vol. 47, no. 2. P. 520-548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forney G. D. Codes on graphs: normal realizations. 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